Battling radical extremists

The indoctrination pathway—and how to help people crawl out

With so much focus on Project 2025 right now, it’s good to revisit the reasons why people are pulled into radical extremism. I wrote the following piece over three years ago, but the pathway into white nationalism and Christian nationalism remain the same—as do the potential steps to helping those come out of indoctrination.

Researchers are continuing to unpack the reasons why extremists stormed the Capitol on January 6. Political scientist Robert Pape hypothesized that answers could be found in increasingly desperate economic conditions—the distance between the wealthiest and everyone else has never been so stark in America. As he dug into the data, however, a different story emerged.

The insurrectionists, he found, were predominantly from areas that feared immigrants and minorities are taking away rights and opportunities from white people. As Pape told the NY Times,

If you look back in history, there has always been a series of far-right extremist movements responding to new waves of immigration to the United States or to movements for civil rights by minority groups. [The Capitol insurrectionists] are mainly middle-class to upper-middle-class whites who are worried that, as social changes occur around them, they will see a decline in their status in the future.

Pape isn’t the only researcher contemplating the path from aggrieved to insurrection. A new study, published by the RAND Corporation, takes a detailed look at the indoctrination process through interviews with white nationalists, Islamic extremists, and their family members and friends.

The researchers set out with a basic set of questions to better understand the radicalization process in the hopes of developing prevention and intervention measures.

• What factors lead individuals to join violent extremist organizations?

• How and why do extremists become deradicalized, leave their organizations, change their minds, and in some cases join the fight against radicalism?

• What can we do better to assist those who have been radicalized and prevent extremist organizations from recruiting new members?

After poring over existing research, the team conducted 36 interviews, consisting of 24 former extremists, 10 family members, and two friends. Most of the subjects were active in this millennium, with six only active before the year 2000.

The researchers discovered three major background characteristics that led people to become extremists.

• Financial instability: In 22 cases, financial instability was key, with seven former extremists claiming this as the main reason they joined an extremist organization.

• Mental health issues: In 17 cases, overwhelming anger predominated, but PTSD, trauma, substance abuse, and depression around physical issues also played a role.

• Social factors: Marginalization, victimization, and stigmatization were mentioned in 16 cases.

Often, these background characteristics weren’t enough. In over half the cases, there was a “reorienting event,” that is, a moment that “broke” them, such as being rejected from the military, experiencing long-term unemployment, or enduring a friend’s suicide.

Propaganda was involved in 22 cases, predominantly through social media but also through books and music. Another factor was direct and indirect recruitment, with indirect recruitment being much more common. In other words, the individuals sought to join extremists groups. Social bonds played a role in 14 cases, including “graduating” from one organization to a more extreme group.